JWRC水道講座講演資料 | 公益財団法人 水道技術研究センター

Role of Japanese Water Experts in

Developing Asian Countries

C. Visvanathan

Environmental Engineering and Management Asian Institute of Technology

Thailand

Email: [email protected]

Webpage: http://www.faculty.ait.ac.th/visu/

Water ! Water ! Everywhere “ But Only Drops

to

Drink ”

Saltwater 97.5% 1365*106 _km3

Freshwater 2.5% 35*106 _km3

0.3% Lakes & River Storage 30.8% Groundwater, including soil moisture, swamp water and permafrost 68.9% Glaciers & permanent snow cover

• Earths total water vol. ~1.4 billion km3_.

• Freshwater resources ~ 2.5% of the total volume

• Total usable freshwater supply for ecosystems and humans

o ~ < 1% of all freshwater

resources, and

o only 0.01% of all the water on

earth

C .Visvanathan ₃

Freshwater Resources: Volume by Continent

Groundwater represents over

90% of the world’s readily

available freshwater resource

Australia 12×₁₀5

Glaciers and permanent ice caps (km3₎

Wetlands, Large lakes, reservoirs and rivers (Km2₎

North America 27 003 South America ? Africa 31 776 Europe 2 529 Asia 30 622 Australia 221 Asia

Water reserve : 30 622 Km2

70% Freshwater

Ground Water (Km3₎

North America 43×₁₀5

South America 3×₁₀6

Africa 55 ×₁₀5

Europe 16×₁₀5

Asia 78×₁₀5

North America 9*104 South America 900 Europe 18216 Greenland 26*105 Africa 0.2 Asia 60984 Australia 180 Antarctica 30 109 800

Hosting 60% of world's current human

population

Freshwater Use by Sector

1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025

W a te r U sa g e ( km3 ) Industry Extraction Consumption 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200

1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025

W a te r U sa g e ( km3 ) Domestic Use Extraction Consumption 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200

1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025

W a te r U sa g e (km 3 ) Agriculture Extraction Consumption

• Agricultural sector is by far the biggest user of freshwater, (70%)

• Second largest

consumer sector is Industry (19%)

• Municipal

C .Visvanathan ₅

Water Withdrawal and Consumption: The Big Gap

North America

South America Africa

Europe

Asia

Australia & Oceania

Withdrawal is more consumption is 1/2

• Annual global freshwater withdrawal grown from 3,790 km3 _{to in 1995, to} 4,430 km3 _{in 2000}

• Of which consumption accounted for

2,304 km3 _{or 52% only}

• Not all quantity of water withdrawal is consumed. There is significant loss of water during distribution and

application

• Annual global water withdrawal is expected to grow by about 10-12% every 10 years, reaching

Water Accessibility and Availability in Asia

1992 2000 2015 • Progress in access to clean drinking

water in Asia and Pacific region

• Access to safe drinking water

(1990-2015):

• Urban Asia: 94% to 97%

• Rural Asia: 63% to 91%

• 213 million rural residents of Asia

still lack access to water

• Poor access in countries like Papua

C .Visvanathan ₇

Ground Water (GW) Extraction by Sector

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

GW breakdown by sector (%)

Water Use by Industries

• The industrial sector uses freshwater stored in reservoirs and dams for hydropower generation and various industrial

processes

• Approximately 15–18 billion m3 _{of freshwater resources are}

C .Visvanathan ₉

Water Use by Domestic Sector

• Domestic water use is related to the quantity of water available to populations in cities and towns – for sanitation and drinking water uses

• Groundwater reportedly

provides drinking water to at least 50% of the global

C .Visvanathan ₁₁

Threats to Water Security

• Asia & Pacific is facing the double sword of

increased water demand but decreased

freshwater resources due to wastewater pollution

• Prime causes of region’s poor water security

state are:

• Heavy population,

• Accelerated urbanization rate

• Intensified industrial development

• Extensive agricultural development

Threat: Urbanization and Lack of Access to Water, Sanitation,

and Drainage System

• Asia and the Pacific is one of the most rapidly urbanizing (2.4% annual growth of the urban population regions) region in the world.

• Currently there are seven of the world’s mega cities (cities with populations of 10 million or more) in Asia-Pacific, which by 2025 is expected to have 21 such mega cities.

• Asia and the Pacific has the highest annual water withdrawal of all the world’s regions.

Surface Water Pollution Pollution of Drinking Water Sources

Where the Japanese Water Sector will/ should

Focus on the Future

Scarcity Pollution

Only 0.007% of the water on earth is accessible for human use

C .Visvanathan ₁₅

• With the existing climate change scenario, almost half the world's population will be living in areas of high water stress by 2030, including 75 - 250 million people in Africa.

• Every day, 2 million tons of sewage and other effluents drain into the world's waters.

• Every year, more people die from unsafe water than from all forms of violence, including war.

High 10.8%

Well 25.9%

Fair 1.8% Poor 45.4%

Very Poor 16.1%

Parameters Grade I II III IV V

pH 6~9

DO ≥ 7.5 6 5 3 2

COD_Mn ≤ 2 4 6 10 15 NH₃-N ≤ 0.15 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Grade I 3.4% _{Grade II} 30.4% Grade III 29.3% Grade IV 20.9% Grade V 6.8% Grade VI 9.2%

Surface Water Monitoring Section

Ground Water Monitoring Site

Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard of China (GB3838-2002)

China

Parameters Tha chin river Chao phyya river Bangpakong river Maeklong river Application Agriculture 76% Drinking water; Irrigation; Drinking water Agriculture Aquaculture Industry Water supply

DO < 1, 1~7 3~6 4~7

BOD - 1~7 1~5 ~ 2

FCB

(MPN/100ml)

-1,000 ~

1,000,000 100~100,000 < 4,000 Thailand

C .Visvanathan ₁₇

Surface Water Issue

Water Scarcity Water Pollution

With global water consumption estimated, To 2025, up to 60% of

world’s population will be leave in

high water stress.

More than 40% high to extreme stress

40% to 20% medium to high stress 20% to 10% low to medium stress

Less than 10% low stress

Non-point Source Pollution

Turbidity, carbon source, nitrogen source etc.

Source Control

In-situ remediation

Terminal Control

Regulations to reduce pollution

Ecological restoration

C .Visvanathan ₁₉

Typical Water Treatment Process for Surface Water

PaCl + Cl₂

Cl₂ Cl₂ Pumping station Coarse Screen Rapid mixing Flocculation Tank Sedimentation Tank Filtration Tank Clear Water Tank Pumping Station Distribution Tank Inlet Splitter Sludge

Main Target :

Inorganic Removal

Surface Water Pollution

Organic Pollution Conventional Process

Organic Pollution

Convention

Process

Enhanced

Coagulation

Ozone/BAC

Membrane

Technology

≤

20 %

removal

≤

40%

removal

~ 70 %

removal

䠄

Advanced process

䠅

>90 %

removal

C .Visvanathan ₂₁₂₁

“

”

For polluted surface water COD_Mn 5~10mg/L

“

Microfiltration

”

“

”

“

”

COD: ~ 5 mg/L

2003

1990

Particles; Turbidity, Cryptosporidium, Giardia

COD:~ 2mg/L

1987

3/28

Membrane Technology for Surface Water Treatment:

Experienced/ Expert in Membrane Technology

Japan Membrane Manufactures

Many more

leaders in

membrane

Climate Change and Water Security

•

Key impacts:

• Air temperature • Precipitation

• Sea level rise and storm surges • Surface-water impacts

• Regional-scale changes: snow melt, groundwater storage

• Water demand

C .Visvanathan ₂₅₂₅

Climate Change and Water Security

•

Extreme climatic events like floods,

drought threatens sustainable water

resources

•

In coastal regions, sea level rise

increases the risks of:

•

salinization of coastal aquifers,

•

reduced access to freshwater

•

food insecurity,

Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of Asia

Pacific

• Seasonal precipitation

changes increasing in East Asia,

• Temperatures, droughts, and flooding projected to increase in Southeast Asia,

• Socio-economically and

geographically vulnerable low-lying, flood-prone areas

including countries like

Bangladesh will be further

C .Visvanathan ₂₇

Case: Climate Change Impacts on Water Availability

in Delhi

• Delhi water supply sources: Yamuna, Ganga, and the Beas

• 1.4 billion liters of water from the Western Yamuna Canal every day

• Amounting to 48 % of Delhi’s total water supply

• Impacts of climate change:

 Increase in water availability until 2041

 Post 2041, projected water deficit of 1 billion litres of water per day

Observed Climate Change Impacts on Water Systems

• Restrictions on water supply due to low

rainfall

• Reductions in the amount of water in dams

• Water quality: blue-green algae

• Increase in water-related disasters

• Effects in aquatic ecosystem

C .Visvanathan ₂₉

Water Oriented Climate Change Adaptation

• Effective utilization of infrastructures

• Synergy with urban area development

schemes

• Emphasis on crisis management

• Water saving society through demand

side management

• Integrated water resources management

• Promoting integration and efficiency

29

Where/ How the Japanese private companies that can involve

Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Water

C .Visvanathan ₃₁

PPP in Water Management Sector

• Application of advanced technologies for water treatment

• Design, operation and maintenance of water treatment systems • Improved water distribution

• Emergency response in disaster stricken areas

• Infrastructure development of water treatment systems

Area that need to

be looked at in

Asia Pacific

Different Models of PPP in Practice

• Design Build (DB): Private Operator (PO) designs and builds the asset for a fixed price

• Operation & Maintenance (O & M) Contract: PO operates asset for a specified term under contract

• Design-Build-Finance-Operate (DBFO): PO designs, builds and operates, and transfers the asset under a long term contract

• Build-Own-Operate (BOO): PO is in fully ownership and control, subject to regulatory oversight

• Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT): PO builds and charges for use and then transfers ownership after agreed period

• Buy-Build-Operate (BBO): Asset is transferred to PO, improved and operated for an agreed term

• Operation license: PO is licensed to operate a public service for an agreed term

PPP

DB

O & M

DBFO

BOO BOOT

BBO

C .Visvanathan ₃₃

Advantages of PPP (1/2)

•

Potential to increase and provide greater

infrastructure solutions

•

Faster project completion and reduced

delays on infrastructure projects

•

Opportunities for innovation in design,

service delivery and financing approaches

Advantages of PPP (2/2)

• Integrated whole life management

• Asset utilization

• Predictability, accountability and transparency of costs and funding

• Potentially greater return of investment (ROI)

• Reduces government budget and budget deficits

C .Visvanathan ₃₅

Case of PPP: Water Supply Improvement Plan in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

• Plan to propose the development of new water sources and an efficient water distribution system

• Application of advanced technologies

• Utilization of experience of Japanese private companies and water operators under local government

• Mobilization of local private-sector funds in addition to partnerships with Japanese private companies

Japan has experience in steadily developing water supply and sewerage systems to build a highly sanitary society, while

overcoming floods and droughts during postwar economic growth.

Source:

http://gwweb.jica.go.jp/km/FSubject0301.nsf/ff4eb182720efa0f49256bc20018fd25/3958a0a725aba98549257a79 00124f29/$FILE/Water_&_Sanitation_Assistance_Strategy.pdf

Case of PPP: Mysore, India

• PPP between the City of Mysore

and JUSCO, a private operator

• Plan: rehabilitate the distribution

assets and improve operational

performance to achieve continuous 24/7 water supply

• The contract is a combination of

fixed construction payments for rehabilitation and a management fee for operations.

• Source:

Where the Japanese are Expert in….

Lessons from Japanese Water Systems

• Providing adequate post-disaster

water supply in the service area

• Reducing disaster damage to

facilities

• Ensuring minimum level system

functionality and rapid system recovery

• Rapid emergency response

• Public safety

• Continuous development and

C .Visvanathan ₃₉

Providing Adequate Post-disaster Water Supply In

The Service Area

• Normal source

• System redundancy • Emergency equipment • Extra storage

• Household treatment

• Local alternate source

Reducing Disaster Damage to Facilities

• Existing facilities upgradation and

strengthening (retrofitting) to

provide the resistance necessary to meet the disaster

resilience

program goals

• Disaster

resilient

buildings

• Installation of corrosion protection

C .Visvanathan ₄₁

Rapid System Recovery

• Provide disaster resistant power supply

(normal and backup).

• Implement block distribution system

• Provide system redundancy to expected

damage areas.

• Water storage (as much as possible)

• Supply and distribution pipelines

• Utilize multiple water supply sources/points

• Provide isolation capabilities within the

system, consider installing remote valve operations.

• Ensure continued and uninterrupted

Rapid Emergency Response

• Coordinate emergency support with other cities and water utilities

• Incorporate community emergency planning

• Establish a mutual aid scheme (formal and informal relations with other organizations)

• Coordinate post-disaster response with municipal department and emergency service agencies

(e.g., fire, police, city, county, state agencies)

• Develop damage assessment teams (with pre-assigned reporting location)

• Prepare plans for communicating damage assessment and dispatching crews to damaged facilities

C .Visvanathan ₄₃

Continuous Development and Improvement in

Prevention Capabilities

• Learning from past earthquake

experiences,

• Learning from other water

organization experiences,

• Networking with others who are

working on water system seismic aspects,

• Training managers, engineers,

operators, and field personnel on seismic issues,

• Providing staff development.